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Below are the 20 most recent journal entries recorded in charles griffiths' LiveJournal:

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    Wednesday, July 1st, 2009
    8:31 am
    Thursday, June 4th, 2009
    5:15 pm
    math problem
    If math gives you a headache, you should probably skip this post.

    Something I don't understand (and may never understand) is the difference between A0 and A1 (supposedly the two lowest infinities). I studied this in a university math class, and I remember it just fine, but never really "got it".

    A0 is how many Natural numbers (1, 2, 3, and so on, aka 'N') there are (A0 is |N|). A1 is how many different Real numbers there are (1, 1.1, 1.3, pi, 17.01, 1/3, e, and so on, aka 'R') there are (A1 is |R|). My math prof was upset that I wouldn't accept his proof, which went something like this.

    You can map N onto R, but there are a bunch of numbers in R left over, as follows:

    (There are just as many Real numbers between 0 and 1 as there are in all of R, that much I agree with.)

    1 --> 0.1
    2 --> 0.2
    3 --> 0.3
    ...
    11 --> 0.11
    12 --> 0.12
    13 --> 0.13
    ...
    101 --> 0.101
    102 --> 0.102
    103 --> 0.103
    ...
    1001 --> 0.1001

    and so on, but there are obviously some numbers in R (0,1) (between 0 and 1) that you never get to.


    I thought about the map a little differently, as follows.

    1 --> 0.1
    2 --> 0.2
    3 --> 0.3
    ...
    10 --> 0.01
    11 --> 0.11
    12 --> 0.21
    13 --> 0.31
    ...
    100 --> 0.001
    101 --> 0.101
    102 --> 0.201
    ...
    12345 --> 0.54321
    ...
    123450 --> 0.054321

    and so on. The fractional part of pi (pi-3) is obviously in R (0,1), and the number in N that it maps to is a member of the set of numbers ending in (...95141).

    I mean, you can imagine a subset of N that all end in ...95141, right? The last five digits of each number in this set are "95141". I can no more tell you exactly which number in N maps to pi-3 than you can write the last digit of pi, but just reverse the order of the digits, and every N becomes exactly one number in R (0,1), and vice versa. I can write down just as much of a number in N as you can write down of a number in R (0,1). Even stevens.

    My math prof also tried to convince me that there was some limit to the number of digits of a member of N, and that there can be more digits in a member of R (0,1). I'm sure that follows from |N| < |R|, but that's the very point I'm stuck on.

    Yeah, I've read Cantor's uncountability/diagonal demonstration. That's just part of the weirdness that goes on when you deal with infinity. Nothing says I have to list the numbers of R (0,1) in numerical order in order to map to N.

    edit: Last night I was thinking about the class when this was explained, and remembered another mapping the prof gave from N to a subset of R. If you enumerate pairs (a,b) from N (with a < b), then a/b is in R (0,1):

    N a b
    1 1 2 --> 0.5
    2 1 3 --> 0.333...
    3 1 4 --> 0.25
    4 2 3 --> 0.666...
    5 1 5 --> 0.2
    6 2 4 --> 0.5
    7 1 6 --> 0.1666...
    8 2 5 --> 0.4
    9 3 4 --> 0.75

    and so on, you get a mapping from N to a subset of R that are known as rational numbers, but excluding all the rest which are called irrational (pi, square root of 2, e, and so on).
    Monday, March 30th, 2009
    8:58 am
    cats

    To err is human,

    to purr-give, feline.
    Friday, February 13th, 2009
    9:35 am
    fly, be free
    I want to post about how I'm on my way to Tokyo, but I'm too tired.
    Wednesday, August 27th, 2008
    12:43 pm
    RSL
    <R> james
    <_j> aye charles
    <R> you know the monty hall problem
    <R> old news, am I right?
    <_j> which door
    <R> three doors, you choose one, monty opens one, then you can switch
    <_j> right
    <R> if there are three doors, you always switch
    <_j> switch the door
    <_j> yup
    <R> because 2 out of 3 times, monty is forced to not choose the car's door
    <R> and he only has a choice 1 of 3 times
    <R> so.
    <R> what if there are four doors?
    <_j> hmmm
    <R> you choose one, then monty has to open one of the other three, and the door he opens must be a loser
    <R> clearly, he always has a choice
    <_j> i wonder if its able to e generalised to n-doors
    <R> with three doors to choose from, and only one winner among the four
    <R> he is never forced into a choice
    <_j> switching takes on a new meaning
    <R> so what is your switching strategy? does it still matter?
    <_j> randomly choose one of the alternatives
    <_j> it will always be better to switch for any number n
    <_j> the betterness declines as n increases
    <R> so you still always switch
    <_j> yes
    <_j> probbly we could generalise it mathematically if we tried
    <R> with four doors, I came up with an increase from 1/4 chance to win, to 3/8 by switching
    <_j> ok if there are n doors
    <_j> initially your odds are 1 / n
    <_j> odds odf being wrong, n-1 / n right
    <R> yes
    <R> initial odds to win, 1/n
    <_j> the eye of god destroys one of the wrong choices
    <_j> n-2 doors remain after the hand of god destroys a bad chice
    <_j> the odds become,
    <_j> heres where im bad at stats
    <_j> in any case they become better than 1/n
    <_j> its easy to see it generalises to always rechoosing
    <_j> im not sure the equation
    <R> (n-1)/(n)(n-2)?
    <_j> could be id have to plug in numbers for the 3 door choice to be sure
    <_j> to feel sure
    <R> in the case of 5 doors, odds improve from 1/5 to 4/15
    <_j> intuitive its wlays better to switch tho because you are choosing from a sample set with one fewer bad possibilities
    <R> anyway. that much is pretty obvious
    <R> what I was thinking about last night, is this:
    <_j> its counterintuitive at the same time since you feel, oh but look he didnt destroy my choice maybe im right
    <R> what if there are quite a few doors, and one bad choice (not your current pick) is removed at a time
    <R> and you want to maximize your chance of picking the right door after every elimination
    <R> first you switch, but after the second one is removed, switch again? including back to the first door?
    <_j> yes
    <_j> i dont see it makes any sense to keep a list of previous selections to avoid
    <R> so, you need at least 5 doors to start with
    <_j> in a sense each step is independent
    <R> doors A-E, I choose A
    <R> you say, ah but door E is a loser
    <R> so I choose B
    <R> my odds are currently 4/15
    <R> you say, ah but door D is a loser
    <R> so I should choose A or C? they're equal chances to win?
    <R> a moment ago, A and C were NOT equal, but now they are?
    <_j> sure they are
    <R> a moment, james
    <_j> its not any door that should take it personally
    <R> suppose there are four doors. A B C D
    <_j> its the destruction of a loser
    <R> odds of the car are equal among them. with me?
    <_j> k
    <_j> hmmm on second thought
    <_j> now im not so sure
    <R> I choose B, you remove D
    <_j> in a sense maybe a surviver door is a better choice
    <R> now the odds of A and C are better than B, and A is equal to C
    <R> you see where I'm going with this
    <_j> yeah
    <R> four doors, but they dont start out equal.
    <R> suddenly, after you remove D, A and C are equal?
    <R> they weren't equal a moment ago
    <R> if they had been, they'd still be equal
    <_j> yeah
    <_j> huh
    <_j> curious
    <_j> you are onto something here charles
    <R> so perhaps it makes sense to choose a door that hasn't been chosen before
    <R> pending a simulation or counterexample, let's say that's the case
    <_j> is there any literature on this
    <R> I call it "reverse socratic" logic
    <R> RSL
    <R> but we're not quite done, james
    <R> seven doors. A B C D E F G
    <R> I choose A, you remove G.
    <R> I choose B, you remove F.
    <R> I choose C, you remove E.
    <R> I choose D, you remove A.
    <R> do I choose B or C?
    <R> you follow?
    <_j> so far
    <R> I think the answer is C
    <_j> why c
    <R> it had better odds than B before the removal of A
    <R> I'm going to post this. RSL.
    <_j> seems to generalise
    <R> you want your real name attached?
    <_j> doesit only wor for odd numbers of doors
    <_j> id be honored charles
    <_j> i havent done anything worthy tho
    <R> nah, it works for all cases
    <R> even/odd makes no difference
    <_j> just easier to illustrate
    <_j> the odds have you computed the gain in using your method formulaicly
    <R> no, 7 just happens to be the minimal number of doors for that last bit to matter
    <_j> its an interesting result
    <R> I have not yet computed the gain by using RSL in a general case. I'll get to it.
    <_j> seems like someone would have studied this
    <_j> yeah


    cast of characters
    _j James Price
    R Charles Griffiths
    Friday, December 14th, 2007
    3:46 pm
    Wednesday, December 5th, 2007
    2:09 pm
    Thursday, November 8th, 2007
    9:05 am
    Laos
    I went to Laos and took a lot of pictures )
    Tuesday, November 6th, 2007
    2:55 pm
    fish
    Next to the place that's making my new glasses, there's a restaurant with a little pool of fish and a bbq outside. I sat down inside, and indicated that I wanted a fish, and they brought me one. I waited to see if anything came with it. Nothing did.

    Seems I've wasted two days here eating lame fruit salads and boiled rice, when tasty fresh fish was available. I go back to Bangkok tomorrow evening, which will limit my fish intake, but at least now I know.
    Tuesday, October 16th, 2007
    8:18 am
    awesome
    http://www.physorg.com/news111683757.html

    "The team monitored the color of the light scattered from the nanotube (Raman Effect), and measured small changes in the color of the light corresponding to changes in the electron density in the nanotube. The technique takes advantage of the interaction between the motion of the atoms and the motion of the electrons, so that electron density changes can be reflected in changes of the frequency of the vibrational motion of the nanotube atoms."

    I <3 nanotubes.
    Friday, September 28th, 2007
    7:48 am
    Thursday, September 20th, 2007
    10:25 am
    Tuesday, September 4th, 2007
    12:40 pm
    one brazillian coffee is 9% corn
    http://www.physorg.com/news108035486.html

    Potentially, plus twigs and brown sugar.



    ...

    This reminds me of a poem I wrote about corn.
    Monday, May 14th, 2007
    3:23 pm
    strange mathematical law
    http://www.physorg.com/news98015219.html

    The article is about Benford's Law, basically stating that in some distributions of numbers that you might think were random, one shows up as the first digit about 30% of the time (instead of 11.1%).

    It's kind of a cool property in that it is scale invariant, meaning if a distribution has this property then the distribution created by multiplying each number in the original distribution by a constant also has the property. That is, if a distribution of measurements in miles follows Benford's Law, the same measurements in inches or kilometers also follow it.

    The article describes Benford's Law as a little mysterious, in that nobody knows why distributions that follow it are so common. Lower numbers must occur before higher numbers, but that doesn't explain all the cases. So here's my explanation.

    A lot of numbers are created by multiplying two or more evenly distributed numbers together. If you multiply enough of them together, you get a distribution that follows Benford's Law. I wrote a computer program to find out how quickly the effect appears. That is, how many random numbers do you have to multiply together to get a distribution that roughly follows Benford's Law. The answer is basically two or three.

    From my program's output:

    (Theoretical values for a Benford Distribution, in percent)
    [Log( 1 + (1/d) )]: 1:30.1 2:17.6 3:12.49 4:9.69 5:7.91 6:6.69 7:5.79 8:5.11 9:4.57

    The above states that '1' should appear as the first digit 30.1% of the time, '2' should appear 17.6% of the time and so on.

    (Flat distribution, with some inaccuracy due to sample size)
    [One] First Digit Distribution: 1:11.13 2:11.12 3:11.08 4:11.05 5:11.15 6:11.14 7:11.06 8:11.13 9:11.1

    (Two random numbers multiplied together)
    [Two] First Digit Distribution: 1:24.15 2:18.35 3:14.49 4:11.77 5:9.53 6:7.64 7:6.01 8:4.61 9:3.4

    (et cetera)
    [Three] First Digit Distribution: 1:30.11 2:18.85 3:13.16 4:9.85 5:7.7 6:6.24 7:5.27 8:4.64 9:4.14

    [Four] First Digit Distribution: 1:30.81 2:17.8 3:12.31 4:9.49 5:7.68 6:6.51 7:5.71 8:5.04 9:4.6

    [Five] First Digit Distribution: 1:30.23 2:17.51 3:12.34 4:9.63 5:7.89 6:6.69 7:5.85 8:5.17 9:4.65

    [Ten] First Digit Distribution: 1:30.2 2:17.57 3:12.49 4:9.66 5:7.89 6:6.7 7:5.8 8:5.09 9:4.56

    [Fifteen] First Digit Distribution: 1:30.16 2:17.54 3:12.5 4:9.65 5:7.92 6:6.67 7:5.79 8:5.12 9:4.6

    [Twenty] First Digit Distribution: 1:30.07 2:17.59 3:12.53 4:9.68 5:7.92 6:6.72 7:5.81 8:5.1 9:4.54


    (Powers of most integers (powers of 7 and 10 are exceptions) also follow Benford's Law)
    [2^n] First Digit Distribution: 1:30.1 2:17.6 3:12.49 4:9.69 5:7.91 6:6.69 7:5.79 8:5.11 9:4.57
    [3^n] First Digit Distribution: 1:30.1 2:17.6 3:12.49 4:9.69 5:7.91 6:6.69 7:5.79 8:5.11 9:4.57
    [4^n] First Digit Distribution: 1:30.1 2:17.6 3:12.49 4:9.69 5:7.91 6:6.69 7:5.79 8:5.11 9:4.57
    ...

    It's not hard to imagine that prices in a grocery store are based on three or more numbers multiplied together (raw materials cost, markup, markup, markup). Likewise for physical phenomena in a three+ dimensional universe. Death rates? Risk factor * risk factor * risk factor ...

    From the article: "no one has been able to provide an underlying reason for the consistent frequencies". By the way, if you or someone you know is on a committee to award genius grants, nobel prizes, or congressional medals of honor based on this kind of thing, contact me directly (csgriffiths2005 -at- yahoo -dot- com).
    Wednesday, May 9th, 2007
    8:50 am
    Tuesday, April 24th, 2007
    11:45 am
    grad school
    I just turned in my last assignments, so I am now 90% finished with grad school. I only have one more class, scheduled to start in a few hours but they have not yet announced a teacher so maybe the start will be delayed.

    Either way, I get to start spending a lot more time on other things.
    Friday, April 6th, 2007
    10:47 pm
    Wednesday, April 12th, 2006
    9:34 pm
    Monday, February 6th, 2006
    4:43 am
    fascinating stuff
    http://www.stanford.edu/~afmayer/

    "The lectures are based on a single underlying idea that drove the insights they contain: that time is not a single dimension of spacetime but rather a local geometric distinction in spacetime. While this may seem very esoteric, it is actually quite simple."

    It makes a lot of sense, good reading if you care about math/physics.



    for those in bellingham too timid to wade through the lectures

    http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v693/antiprime/blackdrop.gif
    Wednesday, November 23rd, 2005
    11:32 am
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